The dyes and intermediates industry is one of the most water-polluting sectors due to the nature of chemicals used in dye manufacturing, blending, and processing. The effluent generated is often highly coloured, chemically complex, and full of organic and inorganic pollutants. It usually contains salts, acids, heavy metals, and residues from different dye compounds that are very difficult to break down.

This wastewater is also toxic, non-biodegradable, and resistant to conventional treatment methods like biological ETPs. Because of the high TDS and persistent colour, achieving Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) becomes challenging for most treatment setups.